{"id":44,"date":"2018-07-09T18:39:03","date_gmt":"2018-07-09T17:39:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tayo.co.za\/kalinga\/?page_id=44"},"modified":"2018-07-20T15:26:21","modified_gmt":"2018-07-20T14:26:21","slug":"a-brief-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/home\/a-brief-history\/","title":{"rendered":"A Brief History"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='full_slider_1' class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow  container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div  data-size='no scaling'  data-lightbox_size='large'  data-animation='fade'  data-ids='155,156,157,158,159,160,161'  data-video_counter='0'  data-autoplay='true'  data-bg_slider='false'  data-slide_height=''  data-handle='av_slideshow_full'  data-interval='5'  data-class=' image_no_stretch'  data-css_id=''  data-scroll_down=''  data-control_layout='av-control-default'  data-custom_markup=''  data-perma_caption='aviaTBperma_caption'  data-autoplay_stopper=''  data-image_attachment=''  data-min_height='250px'  data-src=''  data-position='top left'  data-repeat='no-repeat'  data-attach='scroll'  data-stretch='image_no_stretch'  class='avia-slideshow avia-slideshow-1  av-control-default av-default-height-applied avia-slideshow-no scaling av_slideshow_full  image_no_stretch avia-fade-slider '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner' style='padding-bottom: 21.527777777778%;'><li  class=' slide-1 ' ><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap'  ><img src='https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/caves_header_malawi_medical_humanities_network.jpg' width='2880' height='620' title='caves_header_malawi_medical_humanities_network' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  style='min-height:250px; 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'><p><div style='padding-bottom:10px;' class='av-special-heading av-special-heading-h3  blockquote modern-quote  '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >A brief history of medicine and culture in Malawi<\/h3><div class='special-heading-border'><div class='special-heading-inner-border' ><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Pre-colonial health in Malawi<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Maravi Empire and people as the early inhabitants of the region were known, spanned an area encompassing Zambia, Southern Tanzania, Mozambique and modern Malawi, as it exists today.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The word, Maravi, translates to \u2018land of fire\u2019; therefore famine, drought, fire and conversely rain constitute the four major motifs in Malawian oral literature.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The Maravi were a loosely organised society; therefore, the lack of a unified political chieftaincy made the region more vulnerable to slave traders and other tribal intruders.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Before the arrival of the missionaries, the Maravi believed in one high god, known as Chauta, practiced ancestral worship, and believed in evil forces of witchcraft were a part of daily life in their religious \u2018trichotomy\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_239\" style=\"width: 219px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-239\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-239 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.42.19-209x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"209\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.42.19-209x300.png 209w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.42.19-491x705.png 491w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.42.19-450x646.png 450w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.42.19.png 662w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 209px) 100vw, 209px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-239\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 Map of Maravi Migration Routes<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Although Malawi is commonly characterised as being \u2018discovered\u2019 by the Scottish missionary, Dr David Livingstone, on 1 January 1859, he certainly was not the first European to set foot in the region.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The Portuguese had already been present in the area for more than two centuries; however, Livingstone\u2019s arrival effectively marked the beginning of a strong bond between Malawi and Scotland, which continues to this day. Dr Livingstone is said to have shown some respect for the methods of the local African doctors and suggested that the practices of the sing\u2019anga, or traditional herbalist, could provide effective, but rudimentary, remedies such as the use of charcoal and leaves as wraps for wounds. In 1874, following the death of Dr Livingstone, the Church of Scotland arranged for Dr Robert Laws to establish a medical station in the Lake Nyasa region. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">According to John Lwanda, in pre-colonial times, the Maravi response to disease encompassed \u2018a political element [\u2026] bringing together the institutions of spirit worship, medical practice and aspects of taboo enforcing sorcery, witchcraft\u2019, which was organised in the same manner in the village.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>He maintains that a sophisticated system using effective herbal remedies to respond to disease and epidemics already existed before the inception of Western medicine in the region. It is proposed, therefore, that the Scottish missionaries took an interest in further developing the practice of medicine in this territory out of respect for Livingstone\u2019s professed admiration for the local medical culture. Markku Hokkanen provides a more direct assessment of the missionary objectives in Malawi: \u2018[they] had hegemonic aspirations to create a healthy Christian society where missionary medicine would be central\u2019. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">David Livingstone\u2019s legacy in the British colonies and protectorates was largely shaped by his success in not only sympathising with the plight of local Africans against the brutal slave trade and colonial systems but by developing an interest and respect for their customs and traditions. His campaign to eradicate the slave trade and his outlook for central Africa (known as the 3 Cs: Christianity, commerce and civilisation) helped to ensure the smooth transition and steady influx of Scottish missionaries into the region.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In 1875, the United Free Church of Scotland (hereon referred to as Free Church) had instituted the first schools in Malawi, starting with the Livingstonia Mission at Cape McClear in the Mangochi district. Eventually it established a strong primary education and health system, particularly in the Northern region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Transition to colonial rule<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Protectorate came into being at the insistence of the Scottish missionaries, who after the initial meetings with Livingstone, became increasingly concerned about the possible division of the territory into an Arab and Swahili slave trade controlled northern portion and the Portuguese settler controlled southern region.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In 1889, Alexander Hugh Bruce (Lord Balfour of Burleigh), acting in his capacity as an elder in the Church of Scotland, approached the British Prime Minister Lord Robert Cecil (Lord Salisbury) with a petition signed by 11,000 prominent Scots requesting that the British government declare the \u2018land east and south of Lake Malawi a British sphere of influence\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In July 1889, Cecil Rhodes approached Lord Salisbury with an offer to oversee British interests in the Nyasa region through the British South Africa Company, which already had dominion over colonial expansion in Northern and Southern Rhodesia (present day Zambia and Zimbabwe); however, the Blantyre Mission led by Dr David Clement Scott feared for the outcome of the inhabitants if Rhodes was granted greater influence in the region, citing his ruthless imperial expansion in the Rhodesias as a concern.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>After great interest and pressure to secure the region, the missionaries of Scotland were successful in their efforts to protect Nyasaland and its inhabitants; the Maravi Empire became the British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA) officially in 1891, with Sir Harry Johnston appointed as Her Majesty\u2019s Commissioner and Consul-General for the Protectorate.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The Scottish therefore took advantage of the imperial might of the British Empire to realise Dr Livingstone\u2019s goal to produce a self-sustaining, Christian, African nation. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">While the British appeared to have minimal interest in the new protectorate, the Scottish medical missionaries were determined to oversee its success, having already invested in some resources in the area by providing educational, health care and missionary services. Sir Henry \u2018Harry\u2019 Hamilton Johnston (12 June 1858 \u2013 31 July 1927), a native Londoner, was an explorer and colonial administrator in British Central Africa from 1882 until 1896.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_240\" style=\"width: 291px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-240\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-240 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47-281x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47-768x821.png 768w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47-964x1030.png 964w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47-660x705.png 660w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47-450x481.png 450w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Screen-Shot-2018-07-20-at-14.44.47.png 1016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-240\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Sir Henry \u2018Harry\u2019 Hamilton Johnston<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">One of Johnston\u2019s key appointments was Allan Blair Watson, a doctor of medicine, who arrived in British Central Africa in 1891 and was tasked with building the nation\u2019s government sponsored medical service.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Though the Scottish consistently challenged each of his ventures vehemently, Johnston pushed his initiatives in Malawi as he was also determined to establish British dominance in the region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">One of Johnston\u2019s main initiatives was on the construction of hospitals across Malawi that were managed by white doctors and mainly served white settler populations, military personnel and administrative staff.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In terms of staffing, the colonial government did not train or employ any African doctors or senior medical assistants until 1953.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The Scottish missions, however, differed as they sought to educate Nyasa citizens in the methods of European medical treatment. This was case with the Blantyre Mission hospital, which was led by Dr Neil MacVicar. He believed that the facility would be an important teaching hospital for the country, and trained the first medical dressers in 1896.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The provision of medical training to the indigenous Africans was considered to be a central, and highly respected feature of the work of Scottish missionaries. So much so that in 1915, the Livingstonia Mission hospital held a ceremony for Maria Chilimbirano, the first black nurse in Nyasaland, when she died at the hospital that year.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The missionaries enunciated their grievances in a journal called <i>The Life and Work of British Central Africa<\/i> (which was founded and co-edited by Dr David Clement Scott of the Blantyre Mission and Dr MacVicar).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The journal effectively became \u2018a vehicle for their criticism of British policy both in the protectorate and elsewhere in southern Africa\u2019; it was of critical importance because it was also widely read by a small core of mission-educated Africans\u2019. It also provided the first printed materials into the formation of public health services in Malawi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">John Lwanda, a Malawian physician and historian, provides a thorough and authoritative scholarship on the history of medicine in Malawi. In his book, <i>Colour Class and Culture: A Preliminary Communication into the Creation of Doctors in Malawi<\/i> (2008), he argues that, \u2018colonial issues of class, race, and the resultant multiple identities created by the interaction between colonisation and indigenous cultures remained largely unresolved and contributed to the formation of perceptions, attitudes, expectations, images and identities of doctors\u2019.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>He maintains that the division between western medicine (mankhwala azungu) and African medicine (mankhwala achikuda) was later used as a narrative by early nationalists to project the narrative of Dr Banda\u2019s quintessential hybridity between Westernism and Africanism in Malawi, as opposed to it being a construct devised by the colonial British overseers of the land.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">So in the time before the arrival of Kamuzu Banda, Malawi was considered an anomaly in comparison to its neighbours in the Rhodesias, and German and Portuguese East Africa. While the neighbouring European powers were plundering the natural resources of the land and exploiting the free labour of black Africans, the presence of the Scottish missionaries meant that indigenous people in Nyasaland were provided with primary education and were trained in vocational skills normally designated for white Europeans. As a result, the Scottish missionaries had helped to enact one of the most sophisticated educational and medical systems in southern Africa, out of which emerged Malawi\u2019s first elected president, Dr Kamuzu Hastings Banda (1896-1997).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Independence, Dr Kamuzu Hastings Banda and Multi-party elections<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Kamuzu Banda was most likely born in 1896 to Akupinganyama Phiri and Mphonongo Banda in Chiwengo, a village near Kasungu, a predominantly Chewa district in the Central region of Malawi.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>At birth, he was named Kamunkwhala (a small dose of medicine) however, he renamed himself Kamuzu, meaning \u2018little root\u2019, to reflect the story of his mother\u2019s inability to conceive him thus prompting her to seek the assistance of a sing\u2019anga to provide an herbal remedy.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>He was raised in the \u2018area of activity\u2019 of the Livingstonia Mission and in fact his maternal uncle, Hancock Phiri was converted and baptised by Dr Robert Laws.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_242\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-242\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-242 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Figure-3-230x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"230\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Figure-3-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Figure-3-540x705.jpg 540w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Figure-3-450x588.jpg 450w, https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Figure-3.jpg 551w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 Kanyama Chiume (left) Dr Banda (centre) holding his signature flywhisk and Henry Chipembere (right) in 1963<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Dr Banda received his doctorate of medicine from the Meharry Medical College in Tennessee in 1937 and moved to Edinburgh, Scotland where he registered with the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh having received scholarships from the Church of Scotland to further his professional development;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>it was during this period in Edinburgh when he was made an elder of the Church of Scotland.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>On the bestowment of this title, an obituary in The Economist succinctly expressed the significance of Banda\u2019s indoctrination: \u2018to the elders of the Church of Scotland he was a living tribute to Christian missionary endeavour in Africa\u2019.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>However, despite his illustrious career in the United Kingdom, it was always his intention to return to Malawi to practice medicine. In 1940, this wish was nearly granted when the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh arranged for Banda to fill a medical position at the Livingstonia Mission, however, an expatriate British nursing staff there rejected the proposal because they were unwilling to serve under a black doctor.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This suggests that although the Scottish held a relatively liberal outlook on native Malawians when compared to other Europeans on the continent, there were still factions within the Scottish community that were not immune to the colonial racist narratives that defined the experience of being a subject in an imperialist land. Banda took this rejection in stride and instead set up a medical practice in London under the newly formed National Health Service of England (NHS) in 1948.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In response to the creation of the Federation, the nationalists in Nyasaland had mobilised resistance against British rule. However, most of the key mission-educated coordinators believed that they were either too young or too unconvincing (in the case of Chirwa) to persuade the citizens to follow their lead into independence. They decided that putting their hopes in an elderly, mission-educated and successful medical doctor who had led a flourishing independent practice amongst white Europeans was the best hope for rallying the various tribes in Nyasaland who were likely to be apprehensive of black majority rule. Dr Banda was the perfect prototype of postcolonial success; they calculated that his hybridity of Nyasa heritage blended with British refinement would pacify those who were hesitant to entrust power to a black government. He returned to Malawi in 1958 from Ghana and within a year was imprisoned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Dr Banda\u2019s yearlong imprisonment by the British government from March 1959 to April 1960 in a Rhodesian prison only served to inflame and push Nyasaland towards independence.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Much to the dismay of the British, his cult status in Nyasaland became impenetrable and his projection to leadership was almost certainly secured. Dr Banda would first serve as Minister and then Prime Minister under Nyasaland\u2019s last English Governor-General, Sir Glyn Jones, between 1961 and 1966, and effectively become the first elected president of the Commonwealth of Malawi on 6 July 1966.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>However, two weeks prior, within weeks of his tenure as Prime Minister, Dr Banda had to quell a rebellion from his ministers who began to object to his desire to expand his presidential powers. The aftermath of what is known as the 1964 Cabinet Crisis was to send a resounding message to the public about the consequences of dissent against Banda. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In 1971, the Malawi Congress Party (MCP) proclaimed Dr Banda as the \u2018President for Life\u2019. The citizens of Malawi lived under a twenty-three year autocratic rule before his presidency was openly challenged by 8 Catholic bishops on 8 April 1992. The Lenten Pastoral Letter of 1992 forced Dr Banda to concede to internal and international pressure, allowing for a referendum on the possibility of multi-party elections in Malawi in 1993. In June 1994, Bakili Muluzi defeated Dr Banda in the first multiparty elections.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr hr-default '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Sources<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Markku Hokkanen, \u2018Quests for Health and Contexts for Meaning: African Church Leaders and Scottish Missionaries in the Early Twentieth Century Presbyterian Church in Northern Malawi\u2019, <i>Journal of Southern African Studies<\/i>, 33 (2007), 733-50<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Elspeth King and Michael King, <i>The Story of Medicine and Disease in Malawi: The 150 Years since Livingstone <\/i>(Cambridge: Arco Books, 1992)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">John Lloyd Chipembere Lwanda, <i>Colour Class and Culture: A Preliminary Communication into the Creation of Doctors in Malawi <\/i>(Glasgow: Dudu Nsomba Publications, 2008)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Roland Oliver, Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957),<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Clare Pettitt, <i>Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?: Missionaries, Journalists, Explorers, and Empire<\/i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">B.R. Raphael, <i>A Short History of Malawi<\/i> (Limbe: Popular Publications, 1980)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Andrew C. Ross, Colonialism to Cabinet Crisis. A Political History of Malawi. ed. by T Jack Thompson (Zomba: Kachere Series, 2009)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">J.M. Schoffeleers and Adrian Roscoe, <i>Land of Fire: Oral Literature from Malawi<\/i> (Limbe: Popular Publications, 1987)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Philip Short, <i>Banda<\/i> (London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1974)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">K.K. Virmani, <i>Dr Banda in the Making of Malawi<\/i> (Delhi: Kalinga Publications, 1992)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_third  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding   \" style='border-radius:0px; '><div class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix '><section id=\"do-etfw-2\" class=\"widget clearfix widget-do-etfw\">\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"twitter-timeline\" data-height=\"400\" data-tweet-limit=\"3\" data-theme=\"light\" data-link-color=\"#3b94d9\" data-border-color=\"#f5f5f5\" href="https://malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/\&quot;https:\/\/twitter.com\/MalawiMedHums\&quot;">Tweets by @MalawiMedHums<\/a>\n<span class=\"seperator extralight-border\"><\/span><\/section><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=44"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":261,"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44\/revisions\/261"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/malawi-medhums.sps.ed.ac.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}